For most of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Britain governed its American colonies with a notably light hand. The policy known as "Salutary Neglect" — never formally declared but consistently practiced — allowed the colonies to grow, trade, and govern themselves with a degree of freedom rarely seen in the imperial world of the era. Colonial assemblies passed their own laws, merchants traded with whomever they pleased, and a distinctly American sense of self-reliance took root. Britain looked the other way not out of generosity, but out of practicality: the colonies were profitable, distant, and largely self-sustaining. Why fix what wasn't broken? But that comfortable arrangement rested on a fragile foundation. It took only one enormously expensive war to shatter it. When Britain emerged from the Seven Years War in 1763 as the world's preeminent imperial power, it also looked towards its future buried in debt and suddenly very interested in what its col...